Zoo-Based Studies

Our fieldwork with polar bears takes us from Alaska to Svalbard and across the Canadian North, working in subzero temperatures and other Arctic conditions. But we’ve also discovered that, sometimes, critical polar bear questions can only be answered in a zoo setting—or through a collaborative effort involving wild and zoo bears (i.e., in situ and ex situ research).

The zoos, aquariums, and wildlife parks in our Arctic Ambassador Center network partner with us on key research projects. They fill knowledge gaps and answer basic questions, ultimately helping scientists better understand what polar bears need to survive in a rapidly changing Arctic.

Over the past two decades, studies with zoo partners have yielded invaluable insights, from documenting the polar bears’ hearing range to testing their energy use and how they find mates.

Following are current and recent projects.

Polar bears have been tracked via radio and satellite collars for decades, providing crucial data to researchers and managers. Now researchers are working to make tracking devices smaller, lighter, and more efficient.

Scientists track bears to better understand how and where polar bears use their sea ice habitat and how movements between ice and land are changing. This allows researchers to more effectively identify the needs of polar bears and understand how continued warming will impact this sentinel species.

An additional benefit of the “Burr on Fur” devices is that they would allow scientists to follow the movements of adult males and subadult bears, two groups that can’t be studied  through current satellite collar technology: 

• Adult males can’t wear collars because their necks are as big as their heads, causing the collars to slip off.

• Subadult bears can’t be collared because young bears grow too fast.

The Burr on Fur project began with a challenge from Polar Bears International to 3M scientists. 3M scientists volunteered their time to create four prototype devices that were tested both in the wild and in zoos, helping researchers understand which prototypes worked best. In addition, the tests in zoos helped provide insights into why a particular design failed (e.g., was the bear swimming? brushing up against something?), allowing researchers to make adjustments. A recent paper published on the Burr on Fur tags shows that one design in particular shows real promise as a tracking option, a finding that will help researchers as they seek to gather as much information as possible about a species that is extremely difficult to observe at length in the wild.

Project partners included 3M, Manitoba Conservation and Climate, University of Alberta, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, York University, and the following zoos: Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, Kansas City Zoo, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Como Park Zoo, Oregon Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoo, Louisville Zoo, Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, and Utah’s Hogle Zoo in the U.S.; Assiniboine Park Zoo, Cochrane Polar Bear Habitat, and Toronto Zoo in Canada; Skandinavisk Dyrepark in Denmark; and Vienna Zoo in Austria.

What does it cost a polar bear to swim? Or to walk across the vast expanse of sea ice?  Polar bears at the Oregon Zoo and San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance recently helped answer those questions by wearing accelerometer collars that helped researchers decode the signals related to each activity. The knowledge gained from calibrating the devices with zoo bears can now be applied to polar bears wearing the collars in the wild, providing insights into what polar bears do when they are out of sight, both on land and when hunting on sea ice.

The study is part of a much larger polar bear energetics project to determine the actual caloric cost of walking on the ice and swimming in open water. Both are critically important questions to help scientists better understand the species and how they may respond to a changing sea ice habitat. As sea ice both retreats and thins, polar bears are changing their movements in some areas—walking farther and swimming more frequently, and for longer distances. This research will help us understand those energetic costs.

Project partners include the U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Zoo, and San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.